Righteousness and Anger

   After declaring that the righteousness necessary to gain entrance into the kingdom of heaven must exceed that of Judah’s then current teachers of the law (Matthew 5:20), Jesus proceeded to give several examples (vv. 21–48). The first two were taken from the sixth and seventh commandments: “you shall not murder” (vv. 21–26) and “you shall not commit adultery” (vv. 27–30).

Six sections comprise this passage, each of which begins with some variation of “You have heard that it was said to those of old.” In each section, Jesus was not commenting on the moral law but rather demonstrating the shortcomings of the righteousness practiced by the scribes.

The section before us opens with “You shall not murder; and whoever murders will be liable to judgment.” Murder is forbidden and punishable in judgment. However, lest anyone reading the law might suppose that murder was far more serious than merely expressing anger, Jesus added “But I say to you that everyone who is angry with his brother will be liable to judgment.” The judgment referred to might be thought to refer only to the state’s responsibility to punish the guilty. Indeed, Jesus referenced “the court” and “Sanhedrin” in verse 22. However, imagine how overwhelmed the courts would be if every outburst of anger were treated as murder.

Jesus was not expanding murder to include anger, even though most murders occur when someone is driven by anger and rage (v. 22). Rather, the Lord argued that anger is sufficient to make one as guilty before God as one who broke the sixth commandment. They should not worry about the court; they should fear “the hell of fire.”

Some manuscripts add “without a cause,” which was probably added as an interpretive note, reminding the reader that there is also righteous anger. While this is true, it is unlikely that Jesus uttered these words because most anger, even that which is often justified, is a carnal response to provocation. Most aggravations provoke in the flesh an angry response more often than a righteous reaction of spirit. Jesus is merely comparing anger and murder because both are sinful. 2 Enoch 44:3 reads, “He who expresses anger to any person without provocation will reap anger in the great judgment. He who spits on any person’s face, insultingly, will reap the same at the Lord’s judgment.” This is exactly what Jesus was saying,

Verse 22 poses a real interpretive problem. Most commentators see a progression in the seriousness of angry responses. However, the terms used here (Aramaic: raca and Greek: fool, moros) are both very mild, often used in family and friendly situations, such as calling someone feather brained or silly headed. Jesus used hyperbole to emphasize the seriousness of the matter. What some might shrug off as inconsequential and unworthy of addressing in human courts was far more serious than imagined. Jesus simply stated that as murder is sin, so is anger. The guilt of any sin subjects the sinner to God’s judgment. We must not treat anger lightly. We must not treat any sin lightly.
  Lest anyone suppose that salvation depends on such superior righteousness, be informed that, due to one's own sinfulness and guilt, no personal righteousness will ever satisfy God in the judgment. Salvation is only possible if Jesus saves the sinner by applying the fruits of His sacrificial death and imputing His perfect righteousness. This alone assures acceptance with God. However, no one would recognize his need for Christ without his first being brought to see that his own sinfulness and guilt puts him in jeopardy to God's Judgment (Acts 4:12). 

Justifying Righteousness

Jesus began His teaching in the Sermon on the Mount (Matthew 5:1–7:29) with an emphasis on blessing, the fruit of grace. Yet, He also emphasized that grace does not excuse one from the righteous standards of the law. The blessed man is privileged to obtain citizenship in the kingdom of heaven; on the other hand, privilege must not make him pridefully independent. Rather, he is to be characterized by the true recognition of his condition as a Spirit-enlightened sinner. He will express true sorrow for his sin as revealed by the law and genuine humility in submission to God’s gracious covenant promises. This work of the Spirit will also result in the desire to be righteous (v. 6; 1 John 3:7). The evidence of such an alignment will be opposition and persecution from the unregenerate (vv. 10–12).

Persecution results from the greater purpose of God, which is set forth in verse 13, “You are the salt of the earth.” The declaration is given with a warning that when salt loses its effectiveness when corrupted, it is good for nothing. What keeps it pure? The answer is the law: “Do not think that I have come to abolish the Law” (v. 17). Paul argues that the gracious work of God in saving His people required establishing a gracious covenant, beginning with Abraham. Abraham was justified, not by the law, but by faith in God’s promise (Galatians 3:6, 7). There is no way that Abraham or his spiritual descendants could be justified by keeping the law because it demanded perfect obedience, which no one can do. Neither is law-keeping of faith (Galatians 3:11, 12).

The error of many is to think that Jesus was contrasting law and grace in the Sermon on the Mount. However, A. W. Pink rightly observes that such a view “pits the Son against the Father.” Rather, Jesus argued that the righteousness of His followers must exceed that of the scribes and Pharisees who thought their self righteousness satisfied the law. Only the imputed righteousness of Christ satisfies perfectly. Again, Paul reveals that those justified by faith alone through the promised work of Christ stand with faith-justified Abraham (Galatians 3:13, 14). The law was added to the promise given 400 years earlier (Galatians 3:19). It was added because of transgressions “until the offspring should come to whom the promise had been made.”

Although no one is saved through law-keeping, the law is necessary to reveal the moral standard of the kingdom as based on God’s character and to support His government. The authority of His law was made clear in His preface to the commandments: “And God spoke all these words, saying, ‘I am the Lord (Yahweh, His covenant name) your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of slavery. You shall have no other gods before me,’” etc. (Exodus 20:1–3). Thus, Jesus made it clear that He came, not to annul the law, but to fulfill it. It should also be noted that in illustrating the need for His peoples’ righteousness to exceed that of scribes and Pharisees, it is the errors of the latter that are the focus of His teaching.

Holiness, Righteousness, and the Kingdom

Jesus declared, “For I tell you, unless your righteousness exceeds that of the scribes and Pharisees, you will never enter the kingdom of heaven” (Matthew 5:20). As already observed, the Pharisees assumed the secondary duty of the Levites due to the rise of synagogue worship—to teach the people the Word of God so that they might know God and how to relate to Him in submission and obedience of love (2 Chronicles 17:9). In Matthew 23 Jesus supported this observation by the declaration, “The scribes and the Pharisees sit on Moses’ seat, so do and observe whatever they tell you, but not the works they do” (vv. 2, 3). 

Sadly, while the Pharisees’ goal was to maintain the purity and holiness of Israel, their practice degenerated into legalism and prideful self-promotion. They became overlords demanding exact observance of their directives while failing to exemplify their teaching by their own obedience, making them hypocrites. “They tie up heavy burdens, hard to bear, and lay them on people’s shoulders, but they themselves are not willing to move them with their finger. They do all their deeds to be seen by others” (Matthew 23:4, 5). In short, the Pharisees were externalists, “having the appearance of godliness, but denying its power” (2 Timothy 3:5). Nevertheless, they were convinced that their righteousness exceeded that of others. They were those “who trusted in themselves that they were righteous, and treated others with contempt” (Luke 18:9). This is what provoked Jesus to argue that His followers’ righteousness must exceed that of the Pharisees if they were to enter the king of heaven.

Righteousness describes the character and behavior of one who lives in the presence of God. To judge what is righteous is not the privilege of the follower of God, but of God. God is holy, that is, wholly separate from all He has made. Indeed, God is infinitely separated from His creation. There is no standard of righteousness to which God submits, for He is that standard. If any of His sentient creatures is to dwell with Him, they, too, must be holy (1 Peter 1:16). The divine requirement to be holy is perfect righteousness.

Only Jesus was able to satisfy that requirement. Hebrews recounts, “In the days of his flesh, Jesus offered up prayers and supplications, with loud cries and tears, to him who was able to save him from death, and he was heard because of his reverence [fear of God]. Although he was a son, he learned obedience through what he suffered. And being made perfect [in His obedience], he became the source of eternal salvation to all who obey him, being designated by God a high priest after the order of Melchizedek” (Hebrews 5:7–10).

Being the second Adam, Jesus, through adoption, is transforming a host of sinners, redeemed and saved by Him to be like Him and, thus, able to live forever in the presence of God, “holy and without blemish” (Ephesians 5:27). Although salvation is the sole work of Christ, the result of this work is evidenced in the obedience of His people to Him resulting in practical righteousness and the pursuit of holiness (Hebrews 12:11, 14). In this way, Christian righteousness exceeds that of the scribes and Pharisees.

Righteousness That Exceeds

Jesus emphatically declared that, although He came to fulfill the Law, fulfilling did not mean that He abolished the Law. “For Christ is the end [fulfillment] of the law for righteousness” (Romans 10:4). Law reflects the character of God and can be abolished only when God no longer exists. The issue here involves the kingdom of heaven and the responsibility of kingdom citizens.

Kingdom citizens must keep kingdom laws; however, they must do so in a way that transcends the reputation of the scribes and Pharisees (v. 20). To understand what this means, one needs to know who the scribes and Pharisees were. The Sadducees were not included because they basically rejected the authority of the Scriptures, so why obey them? On the other hand, the Pharisees were set on preserving the purity and integrity of Judaism. The Pharisees took upon themselves the responsibility of the Levites (Sadducees) as “teachers of the law” (Luke 5:17). Those so devoted were called scribes. They were also referred to as lawyers due to their claim of expertise.

They “sit on Moses’ seat” (Matthew 23:2), a colloquialism for teaching the Law. However, they became legalistic because there is no power in the law to change the heart of anyone. Thus, as Paul states of them that, “Being ignorant of the righteousness of God, and seeking to establish their own righteousness, they did not submit to God’s righteousness” (Romans 10:3). They were hypocrites. “They preach, but they do not practice” (Matthew 23:3b). They expected their followers to take up “heavy burdens hard to bear” while “they themselves are not willing to move them with their little finger” (Matthew 23:4). They were also externalists, praying and giving before others just to be seen and admired (Matthew 23:5).

Knowing the Pharisees to be lovers of money, Jesus rebuked them, “You are those who justify yourselves before men, but God knows your hearts. For what is exalted among men is an abomination in the sight of God” (Luke 16:14, 15). Each of God’s children must search his own heart in the light of this revelation of the Pharisees. Do we demonstrate a loving relationship with God through sincere and humble obedience to His will, or are we slavishly devoted to impressing those around us of our spiritual piety with empty and sterile hearts before God?

The Lord began His discussion (vv. 21ff) with the second table of the Law, not the first, because the Pharisees reasoned that if they kept the second table in their public conduct, they must be faithful to the first table as well. However, Jesus sought to reveal how evil and deceptive the heart truly is.

Righteousness is simply doing what the Law requires. We may think that we have fulfilled our obligation, for example, by not murdering someone. What we fail to understand is that not loving our neighbor in godly obedience, harboring hate and anger towards him, makes us guilty of breaking the sixth commandment. May God grant us spiritual sight to see whether our righteousness is merely Pharisaical, or if it exceeds as Spirit-generated to the glory of God.     

Dismissing the Authority of the Law

The Law has great power and authority. Jesus stressed that He did not come to abolish or destroy (kataluo, from luo, meaning to loosen) when He introduced the kingdom of God. His intention was not to undo or dissolve the Law or its authority. He came to fulfill; indeed, He was the fulfillment. In fact, Jesus’ reference is to the whole of the Old Testament. Fulfilling means to cause God’s will (revealed in the Law) to be correctly obeyed and God’s promises (revealed in the Prophets) to be fully realized.

Some might think that the beatitudes were designed to replace the Law. Thus, Jesus began this section with the warning, “think not,” meaning that none should approach this subject with any judicial prejudice, such as that of the scribes and Pharisees (v. 20). The will and promises of God stand unaffected until everything in them is fully accomplished. When that is done, the kingdom of God will be completely implemented as revealed in Revelation 11. When the seventh angel blows his trumpet, it will be announced: “The kingdom of the world has become the kingdom of our Lord and of his Christ, and he shall reign forever and ever.” The twenty-four elders before the throne of God fell on their faces and worshiped, “We give thanks to you, Lord God Almighty, who is and who was, for you have taken your great power and begun to reign. The nations raged, but your wrath came, and the time for the dead to be judged, and for rewarding your servants, the prophets and saints, and those who fear your name” (Revelation 11:17, 18).

The reign of God requires all His subjects to joyfully submit to His authority with absolute loving and willing obedience to all He wills. When the Bible speaks of fearing the Lord or His name, it refers to a state of mind that fully recognizes the Lord’s majesty and authority over every detail of His creatures’ lives. which requires careful and diligent obedience to His will as expressed in the Law. As King Solomon stated: “Fear God and keep His commandments, for this is the whole duty man. For God will bring every deed into judgment, with every secret thing, whether good or evil” (Ecclesiastes 12:14).

“Therefore, whoever relaxes (luo, the same word used in verse 17, but without the preposition, kata, which makes loosing emphatic in that location) one of the least of these commandments and teaches other to do the same will be called least in the kingdom of heaven” (v. 19). If Jesus did not come to relax one of God’s standards, who thinks anyone else can relax the least commandment with impunity? What an affront to God! Yet, how many of God’s people seek to justify themselves while breaking His commandments. The Sadducees destroyed the Prophets and the Pharisees destroyed the Law. Professed followers of Jesus are prone to condemn these enemies of Christ on the one hand yet mimic them in justifying their own relaxing of His Law. They all put their own will over His will.